Except with dome ports which produce a virtual image at 4r from the centre of the dome's sphere
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Actually its a wonder that we ever get 'sharp' images with all these complications. I would suggest that photography is, in practice, an essentially empirical activity and (although in my case my original background was in photoscience) we gain experience and as we doo we start to understand many of these and other interactions intuitively because we assess the images produced and learn from them. Digital has speeded this process up.
In generalist photography I am unsure just how much of the science behind image creation is relevant, although it is often interesting and can at times provide an insight into observed phenomena.
Still, what would photforums be without something to discuss and argue about?
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