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The focal length of the pinhole is the same focal length of a lens. You need to think about what focal length you want for the format that will be used -- and that will give you the diameter of the...

A fast lens means you can use a FASTER shutter speed -- even though the time of the exposure is SHORTER. Maybe they should have called them "QUICKER" lenses. But a "fast" lens varies by the focal...

That's what I'm assuming as well. But I'm not the only one that uses old emulsions, and, as mentioned, there can be other reasons to use a hardener. My "what I thought would be a simple" question...

I was looking at some formulas for hypo & fixer, and became interested in the fixing time of sodium vs ammonia. Most people think it too long, but how long is too long.

I found a lot on "hypo...

I assume that removing the hardener "residue" with a wash is pretty quick. After all, you want to hardener to stay in the film, don't you?

I've never done a direct comparison, but I would not be surprised if this is the case.

That's what I had assumed, but others are of a different opinion -- see Post #2 -- hence my original question, which is IF I use a hardener, when is the best point to use it? Since the hardener...

Here's what Stephen Anchell (second edition) says -- that adding hardener to the fix can double the fixing time.

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That makes sense to me. So why not an extra step of hardening after...

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I'll have to check where the DOF scales are on my Fujinon lenses. Maybe they are on the bottom, and I've just missed them.

You may end up having to drill them out and using the next thicker screw -- but try everything else before that. Depending on how small these are, a SMALL screw extractor might work -- but that...

You test for the ISO and C.I. for any film, with the chemicals and method and gear that you have. The chemicals and method and gear that the film manufacturer uses is completely different from the...

There are a few enlargers that can't make prints larger than 8x10. They were made to be very compact -- some even fit in a suitcase. Others were designed for quick repetitive 8x10 production, for...

Or make your own DOF dial(s) for the len(es) you want, the size you want with the exact details you want -- for FREE:

https://www.dofmaster.com/custom.html

Whether you were buying Tri-X the day before it was ISO 400, or the day after it was ISO 200, some simple tests should be done -- even though 99.9% of the users never did.

If the enlarger head can't get up high enough to cover, just use a lens with a shorter focal length, or stick a close-up lens/filter on the lens you're stuck with.

I think the title says it all -- "Controls in B&W Photography". They are for the individual photographer to use and control -- which means your own tests. His books shows how he did it and advises...

One more reason to run your own tests -- with your own chemicals and gear -- see "Controls in Black & White Photography" by Richard Henry.

I've seen plenty of jerks get caught. Around here, the big thing is dumping old tires on the side of the road -- when & where they THINK no one is watching. With the ubiquitous video cameras...

Are you sure they are wood screws? Check the other side of the fitting. It's possible that they are machine screws with a "nut" on the other end.

Good point. You have to know which way to turn it.

Your options depend on the screw -- the size and shape of the head. Is it 1/8" or 1/2" wide? Is it slotted or phillips? Is it rounded or flat? Is it flush or raised? A picture is worth a 1,000...

You're right, there are people that are ignorant of the consequences of what they are doing, everywhere -- and there are also people that are well-aware of the consequences of what they are doing,...

Something tells me that's not the only thing "the picture making guy" put in the creek. Let's just hope he didn't have any apprentices.

As mentioned, it should work fine, as long as the column gets high enough with your (unspecified) lens -- set at "infinity". One thing to keep in mind that all enlarging lenses (in your case, it...

We all have (or had) that problem at one time or another -- and some of us more than once -- Stuck in the middle.

At that point, why not 5x7 -- lots more options -- and even less weight, more film, etc.

Think of all the money you'll save from not needing your gym membership anymore. Save it all up, and in no time at all, you'll be able to afford a more appropriate field camera.

I've generally always used hardener in the fixer, but I've been using it less and less for various reasons, and since I mix my own, I began to wonder -- If I do use it, when is the best time? I was...

AKA, "Dump it in the creek"

Normally I either add a hardener to the fixer/hypo or leave it out completely. I've never thought much about other alternatives. Assuming you want to use a hardener (which is a completely different...

That temperature is not a big problem, but if you are trying to reduce water use, use a "hypo-clear". Some "hot" water appears cloudy, but when allowed to cool down, the cloudiness is gone. Try...

Part of the solution depends on your camera -- size, etc. Levels run from tiny to large, and some just might not fit. Then your options can be one level or two or three -- depends on your available...

So a P45+ isn't anything close to 4x5, right? Maybe they should have named it the P45-.

I'm no fly fishing expert, but I assume photographing flies on 4x5" would generally be in the realm of 5X. Am I in the ball park or way off base?

That looks like a very good deal. Make sure you ask the seller about maximum bellows. Tachihara made lots of different versions with some differences -- like amount of bellows extension --...

All good advise. Much depends on how & where you plan on using it. The other item is that all the other 8x10 gear -- lenses, film, etc. -- do not have "4x5" prices either. Not even the tripod!!!

It's the same as reversing the lens, which lots of macro lenses recommend doing once you pass 1:1. If the lens has a symmetrical design, reversal is irrelevant.

I can't speak to the 120mm coverage at infinity, but there are lots of macro/process lenses designed for large format cameras that don't cover 4x5 at infinity -- because that's not what they were...

I suspect it's probably in some Nikon literature somewhere, but most of the lenses I've seen that are designed for !:! are considered to be optimal in the 1:5 to 5:1 range. Either way, it's quite a...