It doesn't take much to future-proof, but I suppose it depends on how one uses LR.
First, the images themselves are never stored in LR's catalog, but rather referenced by filename. So even if LR and its database disappeared tonight, I wouldn't actually lose any of my image files.
Second, I've configured LR to sync its metadata to the original image files. In my case those are TIFF files (the result of processing Imacon FFF "raw" scan files). In looking at the original files for images I just happened to upload to Flickr tonight, I can see that the TIFF files have the keywords, ratings, location, and other metadata that I added in LR. So while that's saved in LR's database for efficiency, it's also replicated in the individual image files as fairly standard TIFF tags.
The main thing I'd lose is the adjustments and manipulations that I applied using LR tools. Actually, I wouldn't lose them entirely: at least some of that information seems to be saved in the TIFF files, too: running 'exiftool' on one of those files gives me many tags that look related to the (minor) adjustments I performed. I'm not sure whether complex operations, like masking or healing/cloning, are stored as metadata. But I don't really do major manipulations on my images anyway. Others may work differently.
I suppose the biggest loss would be the project-specific information: the collections, the images within those collections, their order, etc.
Finally, in response to polyglot's reference to "proprietary" formats, the LR database *is* an SQL file -- SQlite, to be specific, which is an open-source database. I wouldn't want to be the one to reverse engineer that file and its schema (structure), but it's theoretically possible.
--John
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