I just ran some tests to determine the actual effect of using close-up diopter lenses on my LF macro lens and it turns out that the diopter lens does NOT actually change anything that needs to be compensated or corrected for. This is what I did and what I found:
I made test exposures using a 120mm f5.6 macro Rodenstock with no diopter added. I used a Pentax 1 degree spot meter to determine my exposure time and my f-stop. Using Fuji FP-100B (this film allowed me to do the test without needing to expose and then develop film) a test exposure was made at f5.6 @13 sec at ISO 12. These exposure values take into account reciprocity failure and compensation for the length of the bellows and the proportional light fall off that occurs due to the extended distance between the focal plane and film plane in close up photogrpahy. My method for dealing with bellows length in close up photography is to first determine if you are inside of 6X the focal length of the lens. If you are (as you usually will be in close up photography) you take the distance from the focal plane to the film plane (value 1) and the focal length (value 2) and turn both values into f-numbers. Take the difference in stops and then half the iso by that number of stops. Expose at the new iso with everything else unchanged and the image will be exposed perfectly. Subsequent test exposures were made adding +1, +2, and +4 diopters (individually, not stacked) to the 120mm macro, re-focusing, and making exposures at the same exposure values. Aside from magnification the exposures and their densities were identical.
If the diopter lens had changed the functional focal length of the lens then the values used to compensate for the length of the bellows and light fall off would have changed and the densities in the exposures would have consequently been different. By describing this as "functional" I differentiate this from any theoretical change which can be taken into account and calculated with the formulas listed in previous posts and by "functional" I mean a change that will alter the performance of the lens in practice. There was also no change in aperture values as was previously described. Again if there was a change in aperture values due to the diopter lens then the exposures and densities would have differed because the compensation for the bellows length would have changed.
What I believe is happening is the diopter lens simply redirects the angle and projection of light into the front element of the lens. This accounts for the increase in magnification when a diopter lens is used. All other functions of the lens occur as they normally would once the light and image pass through the front element of the lens (not counting the diopter lens). It is effectively like changing the actual size of the subject and photographing it; the size of the image entering the lens is changed but the function of the lens itself is unaffected.
I wanted to share this with anyone who might have run into the same questions. If you experience different results I have no way to explain that. These are simply the results of the tests that I have run in my studio using my equipment and this is what I find to work ideally for me.
Thank you everyone who contributed for your help. Conversation like this (one's that actually help you learn) are why I love this forum.
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