A 40mm lens on 35mm is equivalent to a 240mm lens on 8x10, in my humble opinion.
A 300mm lens at f/5.6 has the same depth of field as a 150mm lens at f/2.8, a 75mm lens at f/1.4 a 37.5mm lens at f/0.7
In other words, not much.
That being said, Paul Strand used a 300mm lens on 8x10. Here's an example portrait (the painter Georges Braque), but likely made stopped-down at bit. He may have used some front swing to align the plane of focus with the wall and thus easily keep everything in focus.
It's probably a scan taken from one of his books, so the image quality is not too high, but you get a sense of the perspective. Because 300mm is a "normal" focal length for 8x0, the perspective is... normal.
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