Jim Noel is spot on. Theoretically, filters should contribute no optical power and therefore would not affect the image. In the real world, consumer-grade filters do have an impact... not focus per se, but degradation of the wavefront and all sorts of other effects.

If you want to be able to do what you want to do, buy filters that you can review the specs for, and ensure that the tolerances on wedge, wavefront error, and surface flatness are all minimized. If the filter you have/are looking at doesn’t specify these, then assume it’s not a good enough filter. Otherwise, you’ll need to figure out how to focus with them on to at least minimize that contribution.