From what I understand, if your file contains adjustment layers the above workflow will not function correctly. In this case, adjustment layers export as blank white files.
It sounds to me like a corrupt file. Here's what I would try:
1. Make sure background layer is active
2. Select all
3. Copy
4. File>New
5. Verify the size/resolution/workspace info is the same or choose the original file name from the "preset" menu
6. Paste
7. Drag additional layers (not background layer tho) from old file to new one (yes, you can simply drag and drop layers).
8. Save as, preferably with a different file name, do not replace the original
9. Try things now...
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