T-distance is the depth of the film holder from the outside surface of the holder to the film when the dark slide is removed.
The ground glass (gg) should likewise sit in its gg frame 1/4 inch above the surface of the underside of the gg frame that rests upon (contacts) the camera back.
Here are the official (U.S.) standards:
http://home.earthlink.net/~eahoo/page8/filmhold.html
So, .25 inch is roughly (within .001 or so) correct for 5x7 and 8x10. 4x5 is less. (vintage Kodak 7x11 backs are also .25.)
Here are the S&S standards for ULF holders (other makers may vary):
http://ssfilmholders.com/?page=critical_dimensions
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